Nisus Writer Express Manuel d'utilisateur télécharger pdf (Page 282)

262 Appendix I - Glossary of Useful Terms

gremlin

Loosely “gremlins” are any non-printing characters that serve no useful purpose.

Currently Nisus Writer Express defines the following code points as gremlins:

U+0000 to U+0008 ASCII Null to Backspace

U+000B Vertical Tab

U+0014 to U+0017 ASCII Shift Out to Unit Separator

U+0082 to U+0083 ASCII Break Permitted and Negation

U+0086 to U+009F ASCII Start Of Selected Area to Application Program Command

U+E000 to U+F700 Private use area, which is technically from E000–F8FF

Apple has assignments starting at F700

GREP

GREP is an acronym which means “search globally for lines matching the regular

expression, and print them”. The important part here is “regular expression”.

Using GREP you can search for “text patterns” (regular expressions: series of

numbers, or series of letters, etc.). Nisus Writer Express uses a variant of GREP

and makes it available to its users in a menu-driven from that use human

language and visual cues.

ideogram/ideograph

A graphic symbol like an icon on your Macintosh Desktop, or the buttons you

click in the Nisus Writer Express interface. These represent an idea, rather than a

group of letters arranged according sounds they might represent in a spoken

language. Some writing systems (notably those of East Asia (and the Hieroglyphics

of ancient Egypt)) are considered “ideographic” even though many of the symbols

in these systems represent words or small bits of meaning, rather than complete

ideas.

kerning

The process of adjusting spacing letter pairs in a proportional font (see also

ligature and tracking).

leading

During the period of moveable type, small strips of lead were placed between the

lines of text in order to increase the space and readability. This artifact gave its

name to what is now often referred to as “line spacing”. Leading (which refers to

vertical spacing) should be confused with tracking, which refers to the horizontal

spacing between letters or characters.

ligature

A complex glyph created when multiple letter-forms join into one, usually

replacing two sequential characters that a common component such as the

ascender of an f becoming the dot of the i that follows it: fi = ﬁ. Not all fonts

support ligatures (see also kerning and tracking).

metacharacter

Any character that has a meaning other than its literal meaning; in particular for

work with GREP.

orphans and widows

The easiest way to remember the difference between and an orphan and a widow

is to remember that orphans are “left behind” and widows are forced to “go on

ahead by themselves” just as an orphan or widow in life. Orphans are separated

segments of text at the beginning of a paragraph or sentence while widows are

separated segments of text at the end of a paragraph or sentence.

text attributes

During the days of the Classic Macintosh OS, almost all applications had a Style

menu. The commands of this menu applied attributes to the text. Beginning with

OS X, the standard for applications is to have a Format menu through which a

wide variety of attributes can be applied to the text. These include things that

would have been considered “styles” applied to individual characters as well as

controls that affect the shapes of paragraphs as well.

text encoding

At its core, the computer recognizes only ones and zeros. In order to display all of

them as text and graphics in your document and store them appropriately on your

hard drive, as well as send them to others so that they can read what you have

created, the computer needs to “convert” those digits back and forth between long

strings of ones and zeros… and more humanly-recognizable symbols. A variety of

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Nisus Writer Express Manuel d'utilisateur Page 282

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